The Ulama and Jihad: Examining Ibn ‘Asakir’s Role in the Narrative of Bayt al-Maqdis’ Liberation During Nur al-Din Mahmud Zanki’s Era

Abstract

The fall of Bayt al-Maqdis to the Franks in 1099 CE during the First Crusade was a significant setback for the Islamic world, exacerbated by political fragmentation and sectarian divisions, particularly between Sunni and Shi‘a factions. In response, several Muslim leaders rose to reclaim the city, culminating in its liberation by Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in 1187 CE. However, this success was not solely due to military leadership, it was a collective effort involving various groups, including religious scholars (ulama), whose contributions are often overlooked. This study examines the crucial role of Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 CE), a distinguished scholar and historian from Damascus, in shaping the narrative of Bayt al-Maqdis’s liberation. Through his works, including Ta’rikh Dimashq (History of Damascus) and his sermons, he reinforced the legitimacy of jihad against the Crusaders. His teachings on hadith, Sunni unity, and religious duty helped frame jihad as a collective obligation under the leadership of Nur al-Din Mahmud Zanki. Using a historical research framework, this study analyses relevant sources thematically. The findings indicate that Ibn ‘Asakir’s efforts to counter Shi‘a influence and uphold Sunni orthodoxy were strategic moves to ensure political and military solidarity. By integrating theology, history, and political advocacy, he positioned the liberation of Bayt al-Maqdis not just as a military goal but as a religious obligation linked to Sunni identity and spiritual salvation.